a gmirror disappears after adding gjournals to its partitions
perryh at pluto.rain.com
perryh at pluto.rain.com
Sun Nov 21 06:13:06 UTC 2010
Is there something wrong with this sequence, in Fixit:
* create a mirror
* partition it with disklabel
* create journals on the partitions
* install
* reboot?
After rebooting, the mirror had disappeared and the journals
seemed to exist directly on partitions of the mirror's provider
rather than on the mirror itself.
Details:
Using Fixit# from the 8.1-RELEASE memstick I defined a gmirror
(initially containing only one provider; the other to be added
later), partitioned it using disklabel, added a journal to each
of the partitions, ran newfs -J on them, and installed FreeBSD
using http://wiki.freebsd.org/RootOnZFS/GPTZFSBoot/Mirror as a
guide (with a few differences due to this installation being
UFS rather than ZFS).
In Fixit the /dev tree contained entries for both the mirror and
the journal devices, but when I rebooted the mirror did not show
up -- even though geom_mirror.ko was loaded.
What would cause this sort of mixup, and how do I fix it?
Is any more info needed?
==== contents of /dev/mirror before creating the journals
Fixit# ls -la /dev/mirror
total 1
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root 0 512 Nov 14 00:17 .
dr-xr-xr-x 9 root 0 512 Nov 14 00:11 ..
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 80 Nov 14 00:36 gm0
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 126 Nov 14 00:36 gm0a
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 128 Nov 14 00:36 gm0d
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 129 Nov 14 00:36 gm0e
==== corresponding disklabel report
Fixit# disklabel /dev/mirror/gm0
# /dev/mirror/gm0:
8 partitions:
# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
a: 8388608 16 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16
c: 619907517 0 unused 0 0
d: 25165824 8388624 4.2BSD 0 0 0
e: 586353069 33554448 4.2BSD 0 0 0
==== journal creation, with resulting dmesg reports
Fixit# gjournal label -s 2G /dev/mirror/gm0a
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 1098378706: mirror/gm0a contains data.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 1098378706: mirror/gm0a contains journal.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal mirror/gm0a clean.
Fixit# gjournal label -s 2G /dev/mirror/gm0d
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 3795372090: mirror/gm0d contains data.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 3795372090: mirror/gm0d contains journal.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal mirror/gm0d clean.
Fixit# gjournal label -s 2G /dev/mirror/gm0e
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 2063379813: mirror/gm0e contains data.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 2063379813: mirror/gm0e contains journal.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal mirror/gm0e clean.
==== contents of /dev/mirror after creating the journals
Fixit# ls -la /dev/mirror
total 1
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root 0 512 Nov 14 00:17 ./
dr-xr-xr-x 9 root 0 512 Nov 14 00:11 ../
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 80 Nov 14 02:01 gm0
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 78 Nov 14 02:06 gm0a
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 126 Nov 14 02:06 gm0a.journal
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 125 Nov 14 02:07 gm0d
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 128 Nov 14 02:07 gm0d.journal
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 130 Nov 14 02:07 gm0e
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 129 Nov 14 02:07 gm0e.journal
==== newfs commands
Fixit# newfs -J /dev/mirror/gm0a.journal
Fixit# newfs -J /dev/mirror/gm0d.journal
Fixit# newfs -J /dev/mirror/gm0e.journal
==== mount the resulting filesystems (and one ordinary partition,
==== neither mirrored nor journalled, to be used as /tmp -- I figure
==== /tmp is expendable), resulting in this FS configuration
Fixit# mount
/dev/md0 on / (ufs, local)
devfs on /dev (devfs, local, multilabel)
/dev/da1a on /dist (ufs, local, read-only)
/dev/mirror/gm0a.journal on /mnt (ufs, local, gjournal)
/dev/ad8s2d on /mnt/tmp (ufs, local)
/dev/mirror/gm0d.journal on /mnt/var (ufs, local, gjournal)
/dev/mirror/gm0e.journal on /mnt/usr (ufs, local, gjournal)
==== install per http://wiki.freebsd.org/RootOnZFS/GPTZFSBoot/Mirror,
==== no detailed log kept
==== manually-created config files, while still in chroot after install
Fixit# cat /boot/loader.conf
geom_mirror_load="YES"
geom_journal_load="YES"
vfs.root.mountfrom="ufs:/dev/mirror/gm0a.journal"
vfs.root.mountfrom.options="rw"
Fixit# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/mirror/gm0a.journal / ufs rw 0 1
/dev/ad0s2b none swap sw 0 0
/dev/ad8s2b none swap sw 0 0
/dev/ad8s2d /tmp ufs rw 0 2
/dev/mirror/gm0d.journal /var ufs rw 0 3
/dev/mirror/gm0e.journal /usr ufs rw 0 4
/dev/da1a /dist ufs ro 0 0
devfs /dev devfs multilabel 0 0
==== output from kldstat, after booting the newly-installed system --
==== and manually mounting the root FS -- showing that geom_mirror.ko
==== did get loaded.
Id Refs Address Size Name
1 6 0xc0400000 bb5504 kernel
2 1 0xc0fb6000 14540 geom_journal.ko
3 1 0xc0fcb000 16ed4 geom_mirror.ko
==== dmesg from booting the newly-installed system (long)
==== /dev/mirror does not exist and the journals are now
==== found on the ad0s2*
Copyright (c) 1992-2010 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.
FreeBSD 8.1-RELEASE #0: Mon Jul 19 02:55:53 UTC 2010
root at almeida.cse.buffalo.edu:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
CPU: Intel Pentium III (731.47-MHz 686-class CPU)
Origin = "GenuineIntel" Id = 0x683 Family = 6 Model = 8 Stepping = 3
Features=0x383fbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,MMX,FXSR,SSE>
real memory = 536870912 (512 MB)
avail memory = 510218240 (486 MB)
ACPI APIC Table: <DELL WS 420 >
ioapic0: Changing APIC ID to 1
ioapic0 <Version 2.0> irqs 0-23 on motherboard
kbd1 at kbdmux0
acpi0: <DELL WS 420 > on motherboard
acpi0: [ITHREAD]
acpi0: Power Button (fixed)
acpi0: reservation of 0, a0000 (3) failed
acpi0: reservation of 100000, f00000 (3) failed
acpi0: reservation of 1000000, 1ef9e000 (3) failed
Timecounter "ACPI-fast" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 1000
acpi_timer0: <24-bit timer at 3.579545MHz> port 0x808-0x80b on acpi0
cpu0: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
pcib0: <ACPI Host-PCI bridge> port 0xcf8-0xcff on acpi0
pci0: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib0
agp0: <Intel 82840 host to AGP bridge> on hostb0
pcib1: <PCI-PCI bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1
vgapci0: <VGA-compatible display> mem 0xf4000000-0xf5ffffff,0xfcffc000-0xfcffffff,0xfc000000-0xfc7fffff irq 16 at device 0.0 on pci1
pcib2: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 30.0 on pci0
pci2: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib2
xl0: <3Com 3c905C-TX Fast Etherlink XL> port 0xdc80-0xdcff mem 0xf8fffc00-0xf8fffc7f irq 16 at device 4.0 on pci2
miibus0: <MII bus> on xl0
xlphy0: <3c905C 10/100 internal PHY> PHY 24 on miibus0
xlphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto
xl0: Ethernet address: 00:b0:d0:22:5a:14
xl0: [ITHREAD]
pci2: <multimedia, audio> at device 6.0 (no driver attached)
atapci0: <VIA 6421 SATA150 controller> port 0xdc70-0xdc7f,0xdc50-0xdc5f,0xdc30-0xdc3f,0xdc10-0xdc1f,0xd8e0-0xd8ff,0xd400-0xd4ff irq 19 at device 11.0 on pci2
atapci0: [ITHREAD]
ata2: <ATA channel 0> on atapci0
ata2: [ITHREAD]
ata3: <ATA channel 1> on atapci0
ata3: [ITHREAD]
ata4: <ATA channel 2> on atapci0
ata4: [ITHREAD]
pcib3: <PCI-PCI bridge> at device 14.0 on pci2
pci3: <PCI bus> on pcib3
ahc0: <Adaptec aic7899 Ultra160 SCSI adapter> port 0xec00-0xecff mem 0xfafff000-0xfaffffff irq 18 at device 10.0 on pci3
ahc0: [ITHREAD]
aic7899: Ultra160 Wide Channel A, SCSI Id=7, 32/253 SCBs
ahc1: <Adaptec aic7899 Ultra160 SCSI adapter> port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xfaffe000-0xfaffefff irq 19 at device 10.1 on pci3
ahc1: [ITHREAD]
aic7899: Ultra160 Wide Channel B, SCSI Id=7, 32/253 SCBs
isab0: <PCI-ISA bridge> at device 31.0 on pci0
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
atapci1: <Intel ICH UDMA66 controller> port 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6,0x170-0x177,0x376,0xffa0-0xffaf at device 31.1 on pci0
ata0: <ATA channel 0> on atapci1
ata0: [ITHREAD]
ata1: <ATA channel 1> on atapci1
ata1: [ITHREAD]
uhci0: <Intel 82801AA (ICH) USB controller> port 0xff80-0xff9f irq 19 at device 31.2 on pci0
uhci0: [ITHREAD]
uhci0: LegSup = 0x2f00
usbus0: <Intel 82801AA (ICH) USB controller> on uhci0
pci0: <serial bus, SMBus> at device 31.3 (no driver attached)
atrtc0: <AT realtime clock> port 0x70-0x7f irq 8 on acpi0
fdc0: <floppy drive controller> port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq 2 on acpi0
fdc0: [FILTER]
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0
atkbdc0: <Keyboard controller (i8042)> port 0x60,0x64 irq 1 on acpi0
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> irq 1 on atkbdc0
kbd0 at atkbd0
atkbd0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
atkbd0: [ITHREAD]
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
psm0: [ITHREAD]
psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0
uart0: <16550 or compatible> port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on acpi0
uart0: [FILTER]
uart1: <16550 or compatible> port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on acpi0
uart1: [FILTER]
ppc0: <Parallel port> port 0x378-0x37f,0x778-0x77f irq 7 on acpi0
ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/8 bytes threshold
ppc0: [ITHREAD]
ppbus0: <Parallel port bus> on ppc0
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0
plip0: [ITHREAD]
lpt0: <Printer> on ppbus0
lpt0: [ITHREAD]
lpt0: Interrupt-driven port
ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0
pmtimer0 on isa0
orm0: <ISA Option ROMs> at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff,0xc8000-0xcdfff,0xce000-0xcffff pnpid ORM0000 on isa0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
Timecounter "TSC" frequency 731470456 Hz quality 800
Timecounters tick every 1.000 msec
usbus0: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
ad0: 305245MB <Hitachi HDT725032VLAT80 V54OA4NA> at ata0-master UDMA66
ugen0.1: <Intel> at usbus0
uhub0: <Intel UHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
ad1: 32253MB <MAXTOR 6L040L2 A93.0500> at ata0-slave UDMA66
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
GEOM: ad0s2: geometry does not match label (255h,63s != 16h,63s).
GEOM: ad0s2: media size does not match label.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 1098378706: ad0s2a contains data.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 1098378706: ad0s2a contains journal.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal ad0s2a clean.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 3795372090: ad0s2d contains data.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 3795372090: ad0s2d contains journal.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal ad0s2d clean.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 2063379813: ad0s2e contains data.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal 2063379813: ad0s2e contains journal.
GEOM_JOURNAL: Journal ad0s2e clean.
device_attach: afd0 attach returned 6
ugen0.2: <vendor 0x0457> at usbus0
umass0: <vendor 0x0457 USB Mass Storage Device, class 0/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 2> on usbus0
umass0: SCSI over Bulk-Only; quirks = 0x0000
acd0: CDROM <Lite-On LTN483S 48x Max/PD02> at ata1-slave PIO4
ad4: 61136MB <PATRIOT MEMORY 64GB SSD 02.10104> at ata2-master UDMA100 SATA 1.5Gb/s
acd1: DVDR <PIONEER DVD-RW DVR-212D/1.24> at ata3-master UDMA66 SATA 1.5Gb/s
ad8: 305245MB <Hitachi HDT725032VLAT80 V54OA4NA> at ata4-master UDMA133
umass0:2:0:-1: Attached to scbus2
GEOM: ad8s2: geometry does not match label (255h,63s != 16h,63s).
da0 at ahc0 bus 0 scbus0 target 0 lun 0
da0: <FUJITSU MAG3091MP 5506> Fixed Direct Access SCSI-3 device
da0: 160.000MB/s transfers (80.000MHz DT, offset 127, 16bit)
da0: Command Queueing enabled
da0: 8683MB (17783249 512 byte sectors: 255H 63S/T 1106C)
da1 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus2 target 0 lun 0
da1: <UDISK PDU16_1G 61G2.0 0.00> Removable Direct Access SCSI-2 device
da1: 1.000MB/s transfers
da1: 960MB (1967616 512 byte sectors: 64H 32S/T 960C)
GEOM: da1: geometry does not match label (255h,63s != 64h,32s).
GEOM: da1: media size does not match label.
Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/mirror/gm0a.journal
ROOT MOUNT ERROR:
If you have invalid mount options, reboot, and first try the following from
the loader prompt:
set vfs.root.mountfrom.options=rw
and then remove invalid mount options from /etc/fstab.
Loader variables:
vfs.root.mountfrom=ufs:/dev/mirror/gm0a.journal
vfs.root.mountfrom.options=rw
Manual root filesystem specification:
<fstype>:<device> Mount <device> using filesystem <fstype>
eg. ufs:/dev/da0s1a
eg. cd9660:/dev/acd0
This is equivalent to: mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0 /
? List valid disk boot devices
<empty line> Abort manual input
mountroot> ?
List of GEOM managed disk devices:
da1a ext2fs// ext2fs//boot da1 da0s3 da0s2 da0s1 da0 ufsid/4cdf4dff8de0837d ufsid/4c830a972b034290 ad8s2d ad8s2b ad8s2a ad8s2 ad8s1 ad8 iso9660/FreeBSD_Packages acd1t01 acd1 ad4 acd0 ufsid/4cdf45a2759357b0 ufsid/4cdf4594fac31a50 ufsid/4cdf4582119b5b07 ad0s2e.journal ad0s2d.journal ad0s2a.journal ad0s2e ad0s2d ad0s2a ad0s2 ad0s1 ad1 ad0 fd0
Loader variables:
vfs.root.mountfrom=ufs:/dev/mirror/gm0a.journal
vfs.root.mountfrom.options=rw
Manual root filesystem specification:
<fstype>:<device> Mount <device> using filesystem <fstype>
eg. ufs:/dev/da0s1a
eg. cd9660:/dev/acd0
This is equivalent to: mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0 /
? List valid disk boot devices
<empty line> Abort manual input
mountroot> ufs:ad0s2a.journal
Trying to mount root from ufs:ad0s2a.journal
==== output from df, after manually mounting /usr & /var read-only
==== -- I don't want to try writing to them until the mirror mess
==== is cleaned up -- and /tmp read-write (so I have someplace to
==== save stuff like dmesg and this output)
Filesystem 512-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
ad0s2a.journal 4052056 345948 3381944 9% /
devfs 2 2 0 100% /dev
/dev/ad0s2e.journal 563842072 2371628 516363080 0% /usr
/dev/ad0s2d.journal 20308312 392 18683256 0% /var
/dev/ad8s2d 2001180 36 1841052 0% /tmp
==== result of "ls -alR /dev" -- incl a mysterious line on stderr
ls: : No such file or directory
total 10
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 .
drwxr-xr-x 18 root wheel 512 Jul 18 19:57 ..
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 98 Nov 13 20:21 acd0
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 100 Nov 13 20:21 acd1
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 101 Nov 13 20:21 acd1t01
crw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 0, 34 Nov 13 20:21 acpi
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 80 Nov 13 20:21 ad0
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 82 Nov 13 20:21 ad0s1
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 83 Nov 13 20:21 ad0s2
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 84 Nov 13 20:21 ad0s2a
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 87 Nov 13 20:21 ad0s2a.journal
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 85 Nov 13 20:21 ad0s2d
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 88 Nov 13 20:21 ad0s2d.journal
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 86 Nov 13 20:21 ad0s2e
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 89 Nov 13 20:21 ad0s2e.journal
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 81 Nov 13 20:21 ad1
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 99 Nov 13 20:21 ad4
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 103 Nov 13 20:21 ad8
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 104 Nov 13 20:21 ad8s1
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 105 Nov 13 20:21 ad8s2
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 106 Nov 13 20:21 ad8s2a
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 107 Nov 13 20:21 ad8s2b
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 108 Nov 13 20:21 ad8s2d
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 35 Nov 13 20:21 agpgart
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 33 Nov 13 20:21 ata
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 36 Nov 13 20:21 atkbd0
crw------- 1 root kmem 0, 21 Nov 13 20:21 audit
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 14 Nov 13 20:21 bpf
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 3 Nov 13 20:21 bpf0 -> bpf
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 39 Nov 13 20:21 bpsm0
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 5 Nov 13 20:55 console
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 71 Nov 13 20:21 consolectl
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 11 Nov 13 20:21 ctty
crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 0, 43 Nov 13 20:21 cuau0
crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 0, 44 Nov 13 20:21 cuau0.init
crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 0, 45 Nov 13 20:21 cuau0.lock
crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 0, 49 Nov 13 20:21 cuau1
crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 0, 50 Nov 13 20:21 cuau1.init
crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 0, 51 Nov 13 20:21 cuau1.lock
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 113 Nov 13 20:21 da0
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 114 Nov 13 20:21 da0s1
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 115 Nov 13 20:21 da0s2
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 116 Nov 13 20:21 da0s3
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 117 Nov 13 20:21 da1
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 120 Nov 13 20:21 da1a
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 17 Nov 13 20:21 dcons
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 4 Nov 13 20:21 devctl
cr-------- 1 root wheel 0, 75 Nov 13 20:21 devstat
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 18 Nov 13 20:21 dgdb
dr-xr-xr-x 3 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 ext2fs
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 fd
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 79 Nov 13 20:21 fd0
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 19 Nov 13 20:21 fido
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 3 Nov 13 20:21 geom.ctl
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 28 Nov 13 20:21 io
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 iso9660
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 6 Nov 13 20:21 kbd0 -> atkbd0
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 7 Nov 13 20:21 kbd1 -> kbdmux0
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 29 Nov 13 20:21 kbdmux0
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 8 Nov 13 20:21 klog
crw-r----- 1 root kmem 0, 32 Nov 13 20:21 kmem
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 52 Nov 13 20:21 lpt0
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 53 Nov 13 20:21 lpt0.ctl
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 74 Nov 13 20:21 mdctl
crw-r----- 1 root kmem 0, 31 Nov 13 20:21 mem
crw------- 1 root kmem 0, 20 Nov 13 20:21 nfslock
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 6 Nov 13 20:23 null
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 111 Nov 13 20:21 pass0
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 112 Nov 13 20:21 pass1
crw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 0, 9 Nov 13 20:21 pci
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 54 Nov 13 20:21 ppi0
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 38 Nov 13 20:21 psm0
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 10 Nov 13 20:21 ptmx
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 12 Nov 13 20:23 random
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 4 Nov 13 20:21 stderr -> fd/2
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 4 Nov 13 20:21 stdin -> fd/0
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 4 Nov 13 20:21 stdout -> fd/1
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 16 Nov 13 20:21 sysmouse
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 40 Nov 13 20:21 ttyu0
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 41 Nov 13 20:21 ttyu0.init
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 42 Nov 13 20:21 ttyu0.lock
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 46 Nov 13 20:21 ttyu1
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 47 Nov 13 20:21 ttyu1.init
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 48 Nov 13 20:21 ttyu1.lock
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 55 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv0
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 56 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv1
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 57 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv2
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 58 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv3
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 59 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv4
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 60 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv5
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 61 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv6
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 62 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv7
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 63 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv8
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 64 Nov 13 20:21 ttyv9
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 65 Nov 13 20:21 ttyva
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 66 Nov 13 20:21 ttyvb
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 67 Nov 13 20:21 ttyvc
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 68 Nov 13 20:21 ttyvd
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 69 Nov 13 20:21 ttyve
crw------- 1 root wheel 0, 70 Nov 13 20:21 ttyvf
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 ufsid
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 9 Nov 13 20:21 ugen0.1 -> usb/0.1.0
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 9 Nov 13 20:21 ugen0.2 -> usb/0.2.0
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 6 Nov 13 20:21 urandom -> random
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 usb
crw-r--r-- 1 root operator 0, 72 Nov 13 20:21 usbctl
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 73 Nov 13 20:21 xpt0
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 7 Nov 13 20:21 zero
/dev/ext2fs:
total 2
dr-xr-xr-x 3 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 .
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 ..
/dev/fd:
total 2
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 .
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 ..
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 22 Nov 13 20:21 0
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 24 Nov 13 20:21 1
crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 0, 26 Nov 13 20:21 2
/dev/iso9660:
total 2
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 .
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 ..
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 102 Nov 13 20:21 FreeBSD_Packages
/dev/ufsid:
total 2
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 .
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 ..
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 109 Nov 13 20:21 4c830a972b034290
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 90 Nov 13 20:21 4cdf4582119b5b07
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 91 Nov 13 20:21 4cdf4594fac31a50
crw-r----- 1 root operator 0, 92 Nov 13 20:21 4cdf45a2759357b0
/dev/usb:
total 2
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 .
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root wheel 512 Nov 13 20:21 ..
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 76 Nov 13 20:21 0.1.0
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 78 Nov 13 20:21 0.1.1
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 93 Nov 13 20:21 0.2.0
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 95 Nov 13 20:21 0.2.1
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 96 Nov 13 20:21 0.2.2
crw------- 1 root operator 0, 97 Nov 13 20:21 0.2.3
==== end
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